University Requirements Student must complete 19 credit hours

Course Code	Course Name	Credit Hours	Prerequests
10032100	Remedial English	0
Remedial English (E10032100) is a three-hour non-credited English course offered to students who score poorly (i.e. below 50%) on the placement test. Since the major concern of this course is to improve the students? proficiency before starting their ordinary university English basic courses and major courses taught in English, special emphasis has been placed on enhancing the students? ability to effectively acquire the four language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Specifically, the course attempts to ensure an academically acceptable performance on the part of the students at the level of the English basic courses. Moreover, the course aims at expanding students? vocabulary needed for various tasks.
11000101	Islamic Culture	3
This course aims to establish the concept of Islamic culture and its position among the other international cultures, its position in the Muslim life, its sources, its bases and its characteristics. It also aims to introduce the Islamic culture in faith, worship, relations, morals, and knowledge, to discuss the clash between cultures in addition to Globalization, Human Rights, Woman Rights, Democracy and other contemporary issues.
11000102	Arabic Language	3
This course aims to improve the level of students in language skills and various literary, read and absorb and express written, and oral and tasted literary, through texts flags authors and poets in different eras, lessons in grammar and spelling, and brief definition months dictionaries and Arab old ones the modern and how to use them. This course aims to implement the Arabic language in the areas of reading and expression of both types oral and written communication.
11000103	English Language I	3
University English I (E11000103) is a three credit-hour university-required English language course designed for students who need to work on the four skills of the language: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The development of vocabulary and skills of comprehension are integral parts of the course. In addition, various reading strategies (making predictions, identifying main ideas, reading for details, relating information in the text to life experience) are introduced and developed through a wide range of topics for reading and writing. The course encourages a more analytical and independent approach to study and helps prepare the students for any subsequent exam preparation.
11000105	Palestinian Studies	3
The course is mandatory for university students from various disciplines, so it provides students with knowledge and `information about the Palestinian reality and in particular the political developments of the Palestinian cause since its inception until the present day in line social and economic developments and political which constitute the main pillars for the study of the Palestinian political reality. This course aims to study the Palestinian issue from its beginning until present in social, economic and political issues.
11000108	Community Service	1
This course aims to connect university students with charitable, community, and public institutions, while also enhancing students? role towards society and familiarizing them with humanitarian needs by providing assistance to targeted groups. It seeks to improve the living conditions of marginalized and impoverished populations. The course prioritizes achieving the greatest possible number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the Palestinian context. This is not only through raising awareness and introducing these goals, but also by offering students opportunities to engage practically in implementing various SDGs locally. Students will participate in programs, projects, and activities aimed at reducing poverty and hunger, providing medical services, treatment, and medication to marginalized and poor groups, supporting gender equality and education, including persons with disabilities and special needs, preserving water resources and natural resources, raising awareness on alternative and clean energy, caring for the environment and agriculture, recycling solid materials, rejecting discrimination, promoting green spaces, and encouraging productive and forestry farming. Students enrolled in the course can join different stages designed with alternatives for each phase, allowing them to complete the requirements under flexible conditions. This approach benefits the community while developing students? skills and experiences.
11000117	Leadership and Communication Skills	1
The course aims to assist students in acquiring modern concepts in the field of communication and understanding the essential skills for effective communication with oneself and others. This is achieved through the use of effective teaching methods that rely on student engagement and motivation to learn through training and self-directed learning. The course emphasizes skill development through teamwork and interactive methods, helping students improve their verbal and non-verbal communication skills by learning public speaking and the fundamentals of oration. Additionally, it helps students develop active listening skills, and contributes to enhancing their abilities in dialogue and persuasion, overcoming public speaking anxiety, self-promotion, negotiation, job interviews, presentation and delivery, and writing. The course also provides students with knowledge about innovative and creative ideas that can be implemented, as well as how to write a resume. Furthermore, the course aims to refine students' personalities through participation in group presentations.
11000126	Introduction to Computer Science and Skills	2
This course aims to enrich students with the basic computer skills alongside with the theoretical and practical backgrounds behind those skills. First of all, software and hardware components of a computer are discussed. This forms the substrate from which a student can realize the practical applications of a computer, especially in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Thereafter, the student awareness for the security vulnerabilities of a computer system is improved through discussing the threats associated with the absolute dependability on the Internet in storing critical data. This is conducted with presenting the basic secure Internet frameworks for students with emphasis on scientific research platforms (ResearchGate, Google Scholar, LinkedIn,?etc). Finally, word processing, statistical analysis and presentation software are discussed with practical applications in the lab.
11000328	English Language II	3
University English II is a three-credit hour university-required English language course which is offered to students majoring in Sciences, Engineering, Agriculture, Veterinary, and Information Technology ... etc. Students in this course will be exposed to a range of science-based writings in English that supply students with samples of the kind of academic English they are likely to encounter in their textbooks. Exercises on grammar, vocabulary and textual organization are geared towards developing students? observational and analytical skills that aid comprehension. The course uses an integrated approach which allows for communicative interaction in the class to actively test and broaden the listening and speaking abilities of the students. Furthermore, the acquisition of vocabulary items will be reinforced through their use in written sentences. Additional training in writing will be given through questions and answers, summaries of principal ideas in a reading passage and the preparation of reports.

Speciality Requirements Student must complete 84 credit hours

Course Code	Course Name	Credit Hours	Prerequests
10211101	Calculus I	3
This course covers the concepts of function, inverse function, models, limits, continuity and derivatives, the differentiation rules and their applications, related rates, linear approximation, and hyperbolic functions. The mean value theorem, indeterminate forms, L' Hospital's rule, curve sketching, and optimization problems.
10211102	Calculus II	3	10211101
Definite and Indefinite integrals. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The Substitution Rule. Applications of integration (Areas and volumes), Average Value of a Function. Techniques of Integration (Integration by parts, Trigonometric Integrals, Trigonometric Substitution, Integration by Partial Fractions, Improper Integrals). Applications of integration (Arc Length, Area of a Surface). Infinite sequences and series (The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums, The Comparison Tests, Alternating Series, Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Tests, Power Series, Taylor and Maclaurin Series)
10211201	Calculus III	3	10211102
Topics covered in this course include: parametric equations and polar coordinates; vectors in R2 and R3 & surfaces; vector-valued functions; partial differentiation with applications; multiple integrals.
10211203	Principles of Differential Equations	3	10211102 10211201 or 10221102
Classifying and solving 1st order ODEs, solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous 2nd and higher order linear ODEs, power series and Laplace transforms Methods to solve linear ODEs, solving 2nd order Cauchy-Euler ODEs, solving systems of linear 1st-order ODEs in 2 or 3 variables using Eigenvalues- Eigenvectors as well as Laplace transforms.
10211211	Principles of Mathematics	3	10211101
Topics covered in this course include: logic and proofs; set theory, relations and functions; cardinality and examples on mathematical structures.
10211212	Modern Analysis I	3	10211211
Topics covered in this course include: properties of real numbers; open and closed sets; sequences; limits and continuity; differentiation; Riemann integral.
10211220	Computer and Mathematics	3	10211102
Introducing a mathematical software with applications through giving a background and fundamentals of programming; flowcharts, algorithms, types of data, control statements, dimensions, functions, subroutines and graphing.
10211241	Linear Algebra I	3	10211102 or 10211211
Matrices and matrix operations. Elementary row operations. Determinants and inverses of matrices. Systems of linear equations and methods of solutions. Vector spaces. Linear independence and basis. Linear transformations. Eigen values and eigenvectors.
10211242	Modern Algebra I	3	10211211
Groups, subgroups, symmetric groups, cyclic groups and order of an element, isomorphisms, cosets, and Lagrange's Theorem. Normal subgroups, factor groups, homomorphisms, fundamental theorem of finite Abelian groups.
10211302	Partial Differential Equations I	3	10211202 or 10211203
Topics covered in this course include: the formation of a partial differential equation; methods of solutions of first order linear and nonlinear partial differential equations; methods of solutions of second order linear and nonlinear partial differential equations; Fourier series and transforms; wave equation, Laplace?s equation, potential equation, equation of an infinite wire, heat equation.
10211311	Modern Analysis 2	3	10211212
Topics covered in this course include: metric spaces; Riemann-Stetitges integral; functions of bounded variations; sequences and series of functions.
10211312	Complex Analysis I	3	10211212
Topics covered in this course include: properties of complex numbers; complex functions, derivatives and Cauchy-Riemann equations; elementary functions and elementary transformations; complex integrals, residue theorem and improper integrals; power series.
10211321	Numerical Analysis I	3	10211220 10211241
Topics covered in this course include: numbers, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number systems; floating point arithmetic, Errors, sources and types; solving nonlinear equations, direct and indirect methods in solving systems of linear equations, solving systems of nonlinear equations; approximation and interpolations, numerical integration.
10211322	Linear Programming	3	10211241
Topics covered in this course include: problem formulation; graphic solution; simplex method; duality theorem; linear sensitivity analysis and algebraic representation; transportation and assignment problems; network (PERT and CPM); game theory.
10211342	Modern Algebra II	3	10211242
Examples and basic properties of rings, integral domains and fields, ideal and factor rings, homomorphisms. Polynomials, factorization of polynomials over a field, factor rings of polynomials over a field. Irreducible and unique factorization, principal ideal domains. Extension fields.
10211343	Number Theory	3	10211211
Topics covered in this course include: divisibility and prime numbers; Chinese remainder theorem; congruence; Euler's theorem, Fermat?s theorem, Wilson?s theorem; linear congruence: congruent and non-congruent solutions; arithmetic functions; special numbers: perfect, deficient abundant and Mersenne numbers.
10211361	Principles of General Topoloty	3	10211212
This course covers topological spaces, basis and sub-basis; functions and homomorphism; separation and countability axioms; connectedness and compactness; Hausdorff space, metric spaces and product spaces.
10211362	Modern Methods in Geometry	3	10211211
Topics covered in this course include: Euclid?s axioms; incidence geometry; Hilbert?s postulates; absolute geometry; hyperbolic geometry; Riemann geometry; metric and non-metric geometric transformations.
10211491	Seminar	1
This course involves discussion of characteristics of scientific thinking and its relationship with scientific research; it requires students to conduct a research on a specific topic in mathematics, and to deliver it and represent this research in a seminar for evaluation.
10211492	Practical Training	3	10511492
In this course, students visit private and public schools to observe, prepare, and teach standard classes for primary and secondary level students, on the different mathematical topics. This course is taken in the graduation course, and requires students to observe and teach 45 classes.
10216201	Methods of Statistics I	3
Classifying and describing data, Measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, measures of position, the definition of probability and its properties, counting rules, discrete and continuous random variables, the binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, the normal distribution and applications, sampling distributions, confidence intervals and hypothesis testing for one population mean.
10216302	Probability Theory I	3	10211201
Random experiments and events, basic probability rules, discrete and continuous random variables, the probability density function and cumulative distribution function for one and two random variables, mathematical expectation, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion and percentiles, moments and moment-generating functions, conditional probability distributions, correlation coefficient, stochastically independent random variables, some special distributions; binomial, negative-binomial, gamma and normal distributions, transformation method.
10216304	Mathematical Statistics I	3	10216302
Review for the probability density functions for one random variable or more, distribution of functions of random variables, t-distribution, F-distribution, order statistics, estimation, , efficient and maximum likelihood estimation, confidence intervals, testing statistical hypotheses: best test, uniformly most powerful test, likelihood ratio test, sufficient and complete statistics, the Rao-Blackwell theorem and Rao-Cramir inequality.
10221101	General Physics I	3
This course covers the following topics: motion in one and more dimensions, the laws of motion with an application of Newton?s laws, vector quantities, work and mechanical energy, linear momentum and collisions, and rotational dynamics
10221102	General Physics II	3	10221101
This course is a study of the following topics: electric charges; forces and fields; electric potential and electric potential energy; electrical capacitance electric elements like capacitors, resistors, and conductors; electric current and direct-current circuits; magnetic fields; magnetic force; induction; and RC and RL circuits.
10221107	General Physics 1 Lab.	1	10221105 or 10221101
In this lab., experiments related to mechanics mostly covered in general physics I (10221101) are performed. This includes -Measurements -Vectors. -Acceleration on an inclined plane. -The speed of sound in air -Viscosity -Newton?s second law -Conservation of energy and momentum -Rotational dynamics -Simple harmonic motion. -Boyle?s law.
10231101	General Chemistry 1	3
A compulsory 3-lecture course that is mainly designed to give students a knowledge of the most important chemical principles such as atomic structure and periodic table, mass relationships in chemical reactions, reactions in aqueous solutions, gases, thermo chemistry, quantum theory and the electronic structure of atoms, periodic relationships among the atoms, basic concepts of chemical bonding, molecular geometry and hybridization of atomic orbitals.
10231107	General Chemistry 1 Lab.	1	10231101
A compulsory practical course, designed to introduce the students to various experimental practices used in general chemistry, such as accurate weighing, performing basic chemical methods such as filtration, titration and gravimetric analysis, make simple metathesis and redox reactions, calorimetry experiments and calculations.
10511292	Methods of Teaching Mathematics	3
This course begins with the identification of the general objectives of teaching mathematics and the objectives of teaching mathematics at key stage level and in secondary branches of the academic (scientific and literary), and vocational (industrial and commercial). This course examines the themes the main stage of higher education (5- 10), where students acquire the methods of teaching algebraic concepts and principles of solving equations, relations and associations, and the types of associations. Additionally, they learn how to teach the principles of probability, statistical representations, Euclidean geometry, how to demonstrate engineering subsidiary and trigonometry. This course also includes a description of recent trends in the teaching of mathematics using the technology of computers and calculators. The course concludes on how to organize modules in the school calendar and how to prepare exams and evaluations.
10511492	Practical Education for Math. Students	3
In this course, students will have to: ? *Research different steps to design lessons and how to integrate technology into lessons. The teacher will present footage of various teaching positions in mathematics to critique with students, and then each student prepares a lesson plan and applies them to fellow students and trainees under the supervision of the instructor and the students, thus clarifying the strengths and weaknesses in the lesson after the workload to be photographed on a tape in the laboratory. ? Research and report on teaching in basic and secondary schools, highlighting potential problems and finding solutions. ? Prepare and provide real classes in schools, for potential evaluation. The students will receive a teaching supervisor or teacher of mathematics in different schools who will support and evaluate the progress.

Speciality Optional Requirements Student must complete 21 credit hours

Course Code	Course Name	Credit Hours	Prerequests
10211301	Special Function	3	10211203
Frobenius method in solving 2nd-order ODEs around regular singular points, Definitions, properties and applications of Special functions such as: Beat and Gamma, Bessel's, Legendre, Chebyshev, Hermite, Laguerre & Hypergeometric functions
10211303	Vector Analysis	3	10211201
Topics covered in this course include: vector algebra, vector products, vectors and scalar fields; the gradient, divergence and curl theorems; line, surface and volume integrals, related theorems; curvilinear coordinates
10211314	Advanced Calculus	3	10211201
Topics covered in this course include: coordinate systems; functions of several variables, parametric representations of curves and surfaces, transformations of regions; derivatives and directional derivatives; implicit functions, Jacobians and related theorems; extreme; multiple integrals and related theorems.
10211320	Software Packages for Mathematics	3	10211220 10211241
Topics covered in this course include: mathematical modeling; using some software packages in mathematics and statistics; NETLIB, NAG, Derive, Mathematica, MATLAB, BLAS, Maple, MathCAD, SPSS, Minitab.
10211323	Operations Research I	3	10211241
Topics covered in this course include: introduction to operation research; inventory models, queuing models; game theory; Markov chains; case studies.
10211325	Introduction to Control Theory	3	10211241 10211203
System Dynamics and Differential Equations, Transfer Functions, State-Space Formulation, Transient and Steady State Response Analysis, Stability, Controllability and Observability, Multivariable Feedback and Pole Location, Introduction to Optimal Control, Variational Calculus, Optimal Control with Unbounded Continuous Controls, Bang-Bang Control, Applications of Optimal Control, and Dynamic Programming.
10211341	Linear Algebra II	3	10211241
Theory of vector spaces. Direct sums and products of vector spaces. Linear transformations and linear functionals. Dual Space. Characteristic polynomials and minimal polynomials of linear transformations. Diagonalization. Inner product spaces.
10211351	History of Mathematics	3
Numeral Systems and their progression, Babylonian and Egyptian Mathematics, Pythagorean Mathematics, Cube Duplication, Angle Trisection and Circle Quadrature, Euclid?s Elements, Greek Mathematics after Euclid, Hindu and Arabian Mathematics, Eight Europe
10211371	Methods of Applied Mathematics I	3	10211203
Applications in Linear Algebra include applications of linear transformations, vector spaces, and eigenvalues-eigenvectors: simple encoding & decoding messages, least squares approximation, quadratic forms, graphs & digraphs, and Markov Process.
10211372	Methods of Applied Mathematics II	3	10211371
This course covers advanced topics in applied mathematics used for modeling physical and engineering phenomena. Topics include second-order partial differential equations, methods of separation of variables, Fourier analysis, Fourier and Laplace transforms, integral equations, and some applications of eigenvalues in solving mathematical models. The course emphasizes both analytical and computational aspects, with practical applications to reinforce the understanding of theoretical concepts.
10211374	Applied Analysis	3	10211212
This course focuses on the application of mathematical analysis concepts to solve practical problems and mathematical models. Key topics include numerical and functional series, double integrals, ordinary differential equations and their applications, as well as approximation methods and numerical analysis. The course aims to enhance students' ability to use analytical tools in engineering, natural sciences, and economics.
10211375	Applied Linear Algebra	3	10211241
Applications in Linear Algebra include applications of linear transformations, vector spaces, and eigenvalues-eigenvectors: simple encoding & decoding messages, least squares approximation, quadratic forms, graphs & digraphs, and the Markov Process.
10211403	Ordinary Differential Equations	3	10211203
Differential equations with variable coefficients, Solutions about ordinary and singular points including the Frobenious method. Systems of linear differential equations: homogeneous linear systems ( distinct, complex, and repeated eigenvalues) and non-homogeneous linear systems. Solution techniques including methods of undetermined coefficients and variation of parameters method. Numerical methods for solving initial value problems: Euler method, Improved Euler method, Taylor method, Runge-Kutta method, and multistep methods. Errors and stability.
10211411	Modern Analysis III	3	10211311
This course covers advanced topics in modern mathematical analysis, focusing on infinite-dimensional vector spaces, functional analysis, advanced integration theories, as well as the study of distributions and partial differential equations from an analytical perspective. The course aims to deepen students' understanding of theoretical and structural concepts in modern analysis and prepare them for advanced research applications in mathematics.
10211412	Complex Analysis II	3	10211312
This course covers advanced topics in complex analysis, including integration in the complex plane, theorems of symmetry and Laurent integration, Laurent expansions, and analytic continuation, as well as the study of branch functions and multi-valued domains. The course aims to deepen students? understanding of fundamental theories and advanced results in complex analysis and prepare them for applications in various fields of mathematics and physics.
10211414	Functional Analysis	3	10211361
This course covers linear topological spaces, function spaces; weak topology; extension and separation theorems; open mappings; uniform bounded-ness; Banach and Hilbert spaces.
10211421	Numerical Analysis II	3	10211321
This course covers numerical methods for ordinary differential equations and systems; numerical methods for finding Eigen values and eigenvectors; numerical methods for solving nonlinear systems; and introduction to numerical methods for solving partial differential equations.
10211442	Modern Algebra III	3	10211342
Finite and finitely generated Abelian groups. Solvable groups. Nilpotent groups. Sylow theorems. An introduction to Galois theory. An introduction to semigroups and semirings.
10211443	Applied Algebra	3	10211242
Bpplean algebras. Symmetry groups in three dimensions. Polya-Burnside method of enumeration. Monoids and machines. Introduction to automata theory. Error-correcting codes.
10211461	General Topology	3	10211361
This course covers fundamental and advanced concepts in general topology, including topological spaces, continuous functions, connected and compact spaces, basic topological axioms, and a deeper study of separable and connected spaces. The course aims to provide students with a solid understanding of core topological theories that form the foundation of modern mathematics.
10211462	Differential Geometry	3	10211241
Curves in 3-dimensional Euclidean space: the Frenet frame and formulae, curvature and torsion, natural equations. Surfaces in 3-dimensional Euclidean space: tangent plane, first fundamental form and isometries, second fundamental forms, normal and principal curvatures, Gaussian and mean curvatures, geodesics. Geometry of the sphere and the disc (with Poincare metric).
10211464	Algebraic Topology	3	10211361 10211242
This course focuses on the study of algebraic tools and methods used in topology, such as homotopy groups, functors, and group theory, including fundamental groups, covering groups, and their applications to the classification of topological spaces. The course aims to develop students? understanding of the relationship between algebraic and topological structures and prepare them to apply these concepts in advanced research areas.
10211474	Combinatorics & Graph Theory	3
This course focuses on graphs: simple graphs, directed graphs, components, connected components; blocks, cut-vertices, and bridges; Euler graphs; trees, planar and non-planar graphs; graph matrices and coloring.
10211481	Special Topics I	3
This course covers some selected topics in pure and applied mathematics determined by the department and the course lecturer.
10211482	Special Topics II	3
This course covers some selected topics in pure and applied mathematics determined by the department and the course lecturer.
10216107	Statistical Lab.	3	10216201
This course provides statistical packages such as Minitab and SPSS; experiments to describe data by graphs of frequency tables, calculating some statistical measures, calculating probabilities for discrete and continuous distributions, taking random samples from statistical populations and probability distributions, verifying the Center Limit Theorem, estimating (point and interval) and testing hypothesis for one population mean.
10216202	Methods of Statistics II	3	10216201
Sampling distributions, confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing for one population mean, one population proportion, the difference between two means, and the difference between two proportions, simple linear regression, and correlation, one-way and two-way analysis of variance, chi-square tests, nonparametric methods, applications using statistical packages such as Minitab, SPSS, or R.
10216303	Probability Theory II	3	10216302 10211212
This course includes a review of some properties of random variables and probability distributions, multinomial distributions, bivariate-normal distribution; multivariate hyper-geometric distribution; Limiting distributions, types of convergence, and characteristic functions are also examined
10216305	Mathematical Statistics II	3	10216304
This course covers an introduction to decision theory, risk and loss functions, the exponential family of distributions, sufficiency and completeness, Bayesian estimation, estimation, and testing hypotheses for linear models. Chi-square tests.
10216311	Samplint Methodology	3	10216201
Topics covered in this course include: Census and sample surveys. Population and sample design simple random samples, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling; estimation of means totals and proportions, Ratio and regression estimators; other methods of sampling.
10216343	Applied Regression Analysis	3	10211241 10216202
This course covers simple linear regression, multiple regressions, estimation, and goodness of fit tests, residual analysis, using matrices in regression, and factor rotation and applications
10216351	Experimental Design and ANOVA	3	10216202 10211241
Topics covered in this course include: One-way analysis of variance; random column design, Latin squares design, two-factors design, multi-factors comparative experiment, testing model accuracy in the analysis of variance, incomplete block design; factorial designs (2k and 3k), and multiple comparisons
10216352	Nonparametric Statistics	3	10216202
Topics covered include: properties of estimators, properties of hypothesis tests, nonparametric tests for location and scale, the sign test, McNemar's test, methods based on ranks, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, Friedman test, and Kolmogorov goodness of fit test.
10216371	Time Series Analysis	3	10216302
Classical Decomposition Models, Time Series Regression Models, Exponential Smoothing; Models. Stationary Time Series. The Autocorrelation And Partial; Autocorrelation Functions. Ordinary Arma Models. Seasonal Arima Models. Steps of Model Building: Identification, Estimation and Diagnostic Checking. Forecasting.
10512138	Classroom Environmental Management	3
This course introduces the scientific bases of managing the classroom, and the roles which the teacher plays in there, focusing on the functional and practical aspects. It also deals with the psychological bases on which a classroom is run, through looking into the different psychological theories which help both the teacher and the student achieve their goals , by way of providing the emotional and social atmosphere that encourages learning and delivering scientific expertise and directing them. This course also aims at making this field a practical science where theories are turned into classroom functions.
11011222	Entrepreneurship and Innovation	3
Explores the world of entrepreneurship and creativity by examining the processes and techniques used to develop ideas and turn them into successful projects. The course includes understanding the foundations of entrepreneurship and the stages of emerging business development, in addition to analyzing the factors that affect the success of entrepreneurial projects and enhancing creativity in various fields.