University Requirements Student must complete 19 credit hours

Course Code	Course Name	Credit Hours	Prerequests
10032100	Remedial English	0
Remedial English (E10032100) is a three-hour non-credited English course offered to students who score poorly (i.e. below 50%) on the placement test. Since the major concern of this course is to improve the students? proficiency before starting their ordinary university English basic courses and major courses taught in English, special emphasis has been placed on enhancing the students? ability to effectively acquire the four language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Specifically, the course attempts to ensure an academically acceptable performance on the part of the students at the level of the English basic courses. Moreover, the course aims at expanding students? vocabulary needed for various tasks.
11000101	Islamic Culture	3
This course aims to establish the concept of Islamic culture and its position among the other international cultures, its position in the Muslim life, its sources, its bases and its characteristics. It also aims to introduce the Islamic culture in faith, worship, relations, morals, and knowledge, to discuss the clash between cultures in addition to Globalization, Human Rights, Woman Rights, Democracy and other contemporary issues.
11000102	Arabic Language	3
This course aims to improve the level of students in language skills and various literary, read and absorb and express written, and oral and tasted literary, through texts flags authors and poets in different eras, lessons in grammar and spelling, and brief definition months dictionaries and Arab old ones the modern and how to use them. This course aims to implement the Arabic language in the areas of reading and expression of both types oral and written communication.
11000103	English Language I	3
University English I (E11000103) is a three credit-hour university-required English language course designed for students who need to work on the four skills of the language: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The development of vocabulary and skills of comprehension are integral parts of the course. In addition, various reading strategies (making predictions, identifying main ideas, reading for details, relating information in the text to life experience) are introduced and developed through a wide range of topics for reading and writing. The course encourages a more analytical and independent approach to study and helps prepare the students for any subsequent exam preparation.
11000105	Palestinian Studies	3
The course is mandatory for university students from various disciplines, so it provides students with knowledge and `information about the Palestinian reality and in particular the political developments of the Palestinian cause since its inception until the present day in line social and economic developments and political which constitute the main pillars for the study of the Palestinian political reality. This course aims to study the Palestinian issue from its beginning until present in social, economic and political issues.
11000108	Community Service	1
This course aims to connect university students with charitable, community, and public institutions, while also enhancing students? role towards society and familiarizing them with humanitarian needs by providing assistance to targeted groups. It seeks to improve the living conditions of marginalized and impoverished populations. The course prioritizes achieving the greatest possible number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the Palestinian context. This is not only through raising awareness and introducing these goals, but also by offering students opportunities to engage practically in implementing various SDGs locally. Students will participate in programs, projects, and activities aimed at reducing poverty and hunger, providing medical services, treatment, and medication to marginalized and poor groups, supporting gender equality and education, including persons with disabilities and special needs, preserving water resources and natural resources, raising awareness on alternative and clean energy, caring for the environment and agriculture, recycling solid materials, rejecting discrimination, promoting green spaces, and encouraging productive and forestry farming. Students enrolled in the course can join different stages designed with alternatives for each phase, allowing them to complete the requirements under flexible conditions. This approach benefits the community while developing students? skills and experiences.
11000117	Leadership and Communication Skills	1
The course aims to assist students in acquiring modern concepts in the field of communication and understanding the essential skills for effective communication with oneself and others. This is achieved through the use of effective teaching methods that rely on student engagement and motivation to learn through training and self-directed learning. The course emphasizes skill development through teamwork and interactive methods, helping students improve their verbal and non-verbal communication skills by learning public speaking and the fundamentals of oration. Additionally, it helps students develop active listening skills, and contributes to enhancing their abilities in dialogue and persuasion, overcoming public speaking anxiety, self-promotion, negotiation, job interviews, presentation and delivery, and writing. The course also provides students with knowledge about innovative and creative ideas that can be implemented, as well as how to write a resume. Furthermore, the course aims to refine students' personalities through participation in group presentations.
11000126	Introduction to Computer Science and Skills	2
This course aims to enrich students with the basic computer skills alongside with the theoretical and practical backgrounds behind those skills. First of all, software and hardware components of a computer are discussed. This forms the substrate from which a student can realize the practical applications of a computer, especially in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Thereafter, the student awareness for the security vulnerabilities of a computer system is improved through discussing the threats associated with the absolute dependability on the Internet in storing critical data. This is conducted with presenting the basic secure Internet frameworks for students with emphasis on scientific research platforms (ResearchGate, Google Scholar, LinkedIn,?etc). Finally, word processing, statistical analysis and presentation software are discussed with practical applications in the lab.
11000328	English Language II	3
University English II is a three-credit hour university-required English language course which is offered to students majoring in Sciences, Engineering, Agriculture, Veterinary, and Information Technology ... etc. Students in this course will be exposed to a range of science-based writings in English that supply students with samples of the kind of academic English they are likely to encounter in their textbooks. Exercises on grammar, vocabulary and textual organization are geared towards developing students? observational and analytical skills that aid comprehension. The course uses an integrated approach which allows for communicative interaction in the class to actively test and broaden the listening and speaking abilities of the students. Furthermore, the acquisition of vocabulary items will be reinforced through their use in written sentences. Additional training in writing will be given through questions and answers, summaries of principal ideas in a reading passage and the preparation of reports.

Speciality Requirements Student must complete 90 credit hours

Course Code	Course Name	Credit Hours	Prerequests
10201101	General Biology I	3
A discussion of biological activity at the level of the cell, including cell structure, chemical constituents, architecture, material exchange with the environment, the role of the cell membrane, major energy generating biochemical pathways, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, control of cellular activities and basic concepts in genetics.
10201102	General Biology II	3	10201101
A discussion of biological activity at the level of the organism, including structure and function of body parts, and responses of organisms to their biological and physical environments.
10201107	General Biology I Lab	1	10201101
This course covers scientific background and practical procedures for the various experiments on biological principles discussed in General Biology I 10201101
10201108	General Biology II Lab.	1	10201107 10201102
This course covers scientific background and practical procedures for the various experiments on biological principles discussed in General Biology II (10201102).
10201232	Genetics	3	10201102 or 10201119 10201120 or 10201108
Students study the principles of classical genetics and the molecular basis of inheritance in terms of structure, function and changes in genetic material in viruses, bacteria and higher organisms; transmission and expression of genetic material; recombinant DNA and bioengineering.
10201254	Botany	4	10201102 10201108
This course will introduce mainly the dominant plants on our planet which are the seed vascular non-flowering and flowering plants. General comparison of the vascular plants to the lower groups of the algae, fungi and non-vascular plants will be introduced in this course to understand the evolutionary features of the vascular plants. Plant development, important plants to human (economical, medicinal, food, and different phytogeography in Palestine will be considered..
10201257	Botany Lab.	0	10201254
Distinguish the classification and identification of Prokaryotic photosynthetic class cyanobacteria. In addition, to examine eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, starting with the kingdom Protista up to the higher most developed plants which are represented by the seed vascular plant. main features of classification and identification of different plant groups which showed evolutionary changes during the evolution to the development of different plant groups understand starting from the primitive ones. This achieved by examining the slides of representative examples, and gain the skill to distinguish among them. Moreover, study and examine fresh specimens.
10201260	Zoology Lab.	0	10201264
This course consists of a series of laboratory experiments designed to familiarize the students with the basic practical aspects in zoology, and to demonstrate concepts taught in zoology lecture course.
10201264	Zoology	4	10201102 10201108
This course is a survey of the animal kingdom with an emphasis on its history and organization. Particular attention is paid to special structures and mechanisms evolved by selected representatives of major phyla for solving problems of life in various environments.
10201310	Biochemistry Lab	0	10201311
This course consists of a series of laboratory experiments designed to familiarize the student with the basic methods in biochemistry, and to demonstrate concepts taught in biochemistry lecture course.
10201311	Biochemistry	4	10231233
This course covers fundamentals of biochemistry including structure and properties of biomolecules with special emphasis on proteins, enzymatic catalysis, membrane assembly and function and introduction to bioenergetics.
10201321	Cell Biology	3	10201102 10201108
Topics covered include structure and function of cells and organelles, including membrane structure and transport; bioenergenetics of mitochondria and chloroplasts; cell motility; DNA replication; protein synthesis and transport; mitosis and meioses. In addition, the course includes various modern techniques used in cell biology
10201340	Microbiology Lab	0	10201341
The course covers a variety of microbiological techniques, with experiments designed to illustrate major concepts of bacteriology, in addition to Lab safety procedures.
10201341	Microbiology	4	10201102
This course covers morphology, physiology, classification, and cultivation of bacteria and viruses, with introduction to microbial genetics, pathogenesis, and immunology.
10201347	Immunology	3	10201341
This course aims for understanding and covering the mechanisms of the immune system with special focus on antigen antibody structure and function, cells and tissues of immune system, lymphocyte activation and specificity; effector mechanisms; complements, major histocompatibility complexes, B- and T-cell receptors, also provides a complete background to the functions of innate and adaptive immunity (cellular and humoral), genetics of immune system, vaccines, autoimmunity, hypersensitivity, focusing on some basic techniques used in Immunology.
10201348	Immunology Lab	0	10201347
An introduction to modern immunology and its important applications including several techniques that based on antibody antigen interactions and vaccination
10201352	Plant Anatomy and Physiology	3	10206255
Plant anatomy and physiology is the study of plants different function related to their anatomical features. This course is related to what plants do, and what chemical and physical factors cause plants to respond as they do in their environment. During this course, we will explore several important processes which allow plants to survive in their environment. Structure-function relationships will be emphasized, as will ecological implications of the physiological process under investigation.
10201353	Plant Anatomy and Physiology	0	10201352
The student identifies various physiological processes in plants, such as the concept of water transport from and to plant tissues, which calculates the water content in plant tissues. To identify the phenomenon of water imbibition at different types of plant seeds and the factors affecting it. Studying the process of osmosis, the priciples, the opening, the closure, the factors affecting it, and the rate of osmosis. Study the various factors that affect the permeability of the plant cell membrane. Studying the process of photosynthesis and the factors which affect it. Studying the product of photosynthesis and form which that is stored in different plants. Then identify various types of enzymes in the nuts that it operated and examined its chemical activities.
10201362	Animal Physiology	3	10201264
This course is a study of functions of the major tissue types and organ systems of multicellular animals, with emphasis on human physiology in health and disease. The use of invertebrate and vertebrate animal models in research, and comparisons of functional adaptations in non-human systems will also be covered.
10201365	Animal Physiology Lab	0	10201362
This course builds on the basic knowledge of physiology gained in the main course. It will provide students with practical experience in the animal body systems, including the muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, urinary, and digestive systems. Students will perform laboratory experiments on living tissue using various tools. Through various exercises, students will learn how to apply the scientific method to study physiology, collect and analyze experimental data, and write a formal laboratory report.
10201372	Ecology	3	10201102 10201108
This course is an introduction to fundamentals of ecology. Principles related to populations, communities and ecosystems. Particular emphasis is placed on the many dimensions of interdependence within ecosystems.
10201373	Ecology Lab	0	10201372
It focuses on the process of collecting, documenting, and assessing ecological data using the most recent approaches and equipment. Laboratory activities will allow students to investigate and apply some of the ecological concepts and methodologies typically employed in this field of study. A balanced presentation of plant, animal, and physical components offers a wide range of assignments, including developing research reports.
10201400	Developmetal Biology Lab	0	10201405
This course deals with the development and growth of animals. It considers primarily the embryological development of vertebrates with an emphasis on histogenesis and histology.
10201405	Development Biology	3	10206392 10201264
A detailed survey of the processes of animal development, including fertilization, cleavage and organogenesis. Emphasis is placed on current techniques for studying development, such as recombinant DNA technology.
10201423	Histology and Comparative Anatomy	4	10201321
This course is a study of the basic types of tissues and organs at the microscopic level. Structure and associated functions are emphasized. The laboratory concentrates on the light microscopic study of tissues and offers students the opportunity to perform basic histological techniques.
10201424	Histology and Comparative Anatomy Lab.	0	10201423
This course consists of a series of laboratory experiments designed to familiarize the student with the basic methods in comparative anatomy and histology, and to demonstrate concepts taught in the lecture course.
10201448	Practical Training	6
The biology curriculum covers a wide range of courses on major areas in biological sciences. Study courses were designed to help students who expressed interest in a career in education and research and intentions to pursue graduate education. Training will be mainly in schools.
10201492	Seminar	0
Studies and discussions of modern biological problems carried out by students.
10201496	Research Project	2	10201492 or 10201493
Department directed research in a field of biology.
10206392	Molecular Biology	3	10201232 10201321
This course is a study of gene structure, function and control at the molecular level. Molecular techniques used to analyze nucleic acid and protein activity and diversity are also discussed.
10206410	Bioinformatics	2	10206392
Bioinformatics is the science of storing, extracting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting biological sequence data. The course is designed to introduce the most basic concepts and up-to-date developments, methods, and tools used in bioinformatics. Topics include bioinformatics databases, resources at NCBI and EBI, sequence and structure alignment, file formats, analysis of single DNA and protein sequences, BLAST, primer design, function predictions, phylogenetics, and protein structure prediction. Internet laboratory for teaching the databases and data mining tools will be considered.
10206411	Bioinformatics Lab.	0	10206410
This course consists of a series of laboratory experiments designed to familiarize the students with the basic practical aspects in bioinformatics, and to demonstrate concepts taught in the lecture course. Internet-based laboratory for teaching access to the databases and data mining tools will be considered.
10211106	General Mathematics for Biological Sciences	3
This course is designed to introduce biology students to the following topics: elementary functions and their graphs, sequences and discrete time models, limits, continuity and derivatives of functions, applications of differentiation, integration and some of its applications, all within the context of the life sciences.
10216237	Biostatistics for Biological Sciences	2
Data description, frequency and cumulative frequency tables, frequency histogram and polygon, measures of central tendency and measures of variability, percentiles, quartiles and identifying outliers and constructing a box-plot diagram. Continuous random variables and probability density functions and normal distributions. Sampling distributions of the sample mean, central limit theorem. Point and interval estimations for the mean and the proportion of a population. Hypotheses testing about the mean and the proportion of a population.
10221104	General Physics for Medical and Life Sciences Students	3
This course is given to non-physics students, it includes the following topics: Part I: Introduction to physical concepts about: Mechanics, solids and fluids, Heat and temperature, sound and hearing, electricity and magnetism, light and optics. Part II: Physics concepts of some medical instruments: Lasers, x-ray, ultrasound, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Heavy ions therapy
10221114	General Physics Lab. for Medical and Life Sciences Students	1	10221104
This Lab. is given to non-physics students. In this lab., experiments related to topics, mostly covered in Lab for medical and life sciences (10221104), are performed. This includes experiments on. - Joule's constant. - Measurements - Vectors - Acceleration - Viscosity. - Boyle's law - Archimedes principle - Simple Harmonic Motion - Speed of sound. - CRO - Ohm?s law - Capacitance and RC circuit - Refractive index
10231101	General Chemistry 1	3
A compulsory 3-lecture course that is mainly designed to give students a knowledge of the most important chemical principles such as atomic structure and periodic table, mass relationships in chemical reactions, reactions in aqueous solutions, gases, thermo chemistry, quantum theory and the electronic structure of atoms, periodic relationships among the atoms, basic concepts of chemical bonding, molecular geometry and hybridization of atomic orbitals.
10231102	General Chemistry II	3	10231101
A compulsory 3-lecture course that is a continuation of General Chemistry (I). It is designed to introduce some basic chemical facts and theories about solutions, kinetics, dynamic equilibrium, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and nuclear chemistry
10231107	General Chemistry 1 Lab.	1	10231101
A compulsory practical course, designed to introduce the students to various experimental practices used in general chemistry, such as accurate weighing, performing basic chemical methods such as filtration, titration and gravimetric analysis, make simple metathesis and redox reactions, calorimetry experiments and calculations.
10231108	General Chemistry II Lab.	1	10231102 10231107
A compulsory practical course that is a continuation for skills gained in Chemistry 10231107 course. The student is expected to use what he/she learned in new techniques such as the synthesis and analysis of aspirin, molar mass of a solid from freezing point depression phenomena, experimental determination of the reaction rate law. The course involves other topics such as: reaction kinetics, chemical equilibrium, aqueous solutions and pH concept, bleach analysis, thermodynamics and electrochemistry.
10231212	Analytical Chemsitry for Biology and Biotechnology	3	10231114 or 10231102 10231115 or 10231108
A theoretical compulsory course of three lectures per week that includes an introduction to the science of chemical analysis and focuses on methods of quantitative analysis using different standard methods approved by international chemicopoeias, such as titration methods of all kinds. The course also introduces the student to several technologies used in chemical analysis and will provide students with the scientific rules necessary to judge the accuracy and correctness of data and readings resulting from chemical analysis in addition to discussing the correct methods used in the quantitative calculations of the active substance or impurities in chemicals
10231216	Practical Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Biotechnology	1	10231212 10231115 or 10231108
A laboratory compulsory course that includes a set of experiments. It is designed for the practical application of the principles and theories covered in the theoretical analysis course. Where the student performs a number of experiments in which several standard methods are used in the analysis of drugs, and the student in this course will be practically trained on how to judge the accuracy and validity of the readings resulting from practical experiments. Many of the methods of analysis that will be applied in this laboratory are methods approved by international chemicopoeias
10231233	Organic Chemistry for Biology and Biotechnology	3	10231114 or 10231102 10231115 or 10231108
A theoretical compulsory course of three lectures per week aims to increase the student?s awareness of the fundamentals of organic chemistry, and to activate the student?s understanding of the language of pharmaceutical chemists. This course will discuss cyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons. IUPAC naming principles for pharmaceutical organic compounds. Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons, halogen compounds. Steroidal shapes of pharmaceutical organic compounds. This course also covers the basic techniques used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. In addition, the substitution and elimination reactions used in the preparation of pharmaceutical compounds, the mechanisms behind these reactions and their relationship in the chemical manufacture of drugs and other pharmaceutical materials will be covered. This information will prepare the student to study the organic chemistry course 2
10231237	Practical Organic Chemistry for Biology and Biotechnology	1	10231233
A laboratory compulsory course that aims to give students a good understanding of the principles of practical organic chemistry and the ability to solve problems based on organic chemistry. The course also provides the ability to investigate experiments, analyze data, and write scientific reports. The course is divided into two parts: The first includes physical tests used to identify effective drugs. In the second part, the course will cover the basic techniques for the synthesis of bioactive compounds, drugs and adjuvants
10512182	Methods of Teaching Science	3
Methods of Teaching Science The course presents modern methods for teaching science based on inquiry and discovery. It bridges theory and practice through hands-on classroom activities. Moreover, it encourages future teachers to foster scientific thinking. As a result, students are prepared to teach science in an engaging way.

Speciality Optional Requirements Student must complete 18 credit hours

Course Code	Course Name	Credit Hours	Prerequests
10201220	Microtechnique Lab	0	10201222
This course consists of a series of laboratory experiments designed to familiarize the student with the basic methods in microscopic techniques, and to demonstrate concepts taught in lecture course.
10201222	Microtechnique	3	10206421
Students, in this course, will learn about the basic principles and techniques for the preparation of microscopic slides of animals, plants, and bacteria. In addition, they will also learn about tissue culture, using microtome, and microscopic photography. Study microscopy (light and electron).
10201256	Plant Taxonomy	3	10201254
Plant taxonomy is the science of plant classification. Systematics is the science of organisms? diversity. It entails the discovery, description and interpretation of biological diversity. Plant taxonomy course is a systematic overview of the plant kingdom focusing on the classification and identification of unknown plant specimens. This course is designed to provide students with the basic understanding of the plant vegetative and reproductive terminology used in plant identification of the flowering plants. This course will introduce working knowledge and common recognition of the most common flowering plant families of Palestine and neighboring regions.
10201258	Plant Taxonomy Lab.	0	10201256
Gain and understand the working knowledge of plant morphology terminology used in plant identification and to understand the features of flowers, fruits and seeds which are used by plant taxonomists to identify plants. To understand how taxonomists, describe the features of roots, leaves and stems. To gain the experience of plant specimens? collection, preserving and deposition in the herbarium and to understand the importance of herbarium. Common recognition of the common plant families of Palestine and neighbouring regions. To be able to use the dichotomous keys to identify and verify the unknown species. To be able to construct a key to identify the plant and to which family is belonging. using nucleic acids extraction kit and manual method. To be able to extract DNA or RNA from plants and how to use gene bank data to identify plant taxa based on molecular data sequences. To be able to use molecular techniques to identify plant species and construct phylogenetic relationship among different plant taxonomy.
10201344	Medical Microbiology	3	10201341
This course focuses on the basic biology of microbial pathogens and the mechanisms by which they cause disease at cellular and molecular level. The course will also include topics of epidemiology, host defenses, identifications, preventions, and control for each microbe.
10201364	Pharasitology	3	10201264
This course is designed to allow an exploration into the various aspects of parasitology. Emphasis will be placed on the life cycles of major parasitic organisms attacking humans and animals.
10201366	Parasitology Lab	0	10201364
This course consists of a series of laboratory experiments designed to familiarize the student with the basic methods in parasitology, and to demonstrate concepts taught in the lecture course.
10201442	Mycology	3	10201341
The aim of this course is to gain both knowledge about as well as practical skills for handling the major fungal nutritional groups including mycorrhizal, saprotrofic and pathogenic fungi. The course comprises the following topics: growth physiology and nutrition, saprotrofic lifestyles, mycorrhizal fungi and biotrophic lifestyles, fungal diversity and phylogenetic species recognition, genetics and population genetics, fungal communities and interactions, and applied mycology including fungal biotechnology.
10201443	Mycology Lab	0	10201442
The aim of this course is to gain both knowledge about as well as practical skills for handling the major fungal nutritional groups including mycorrhizal, saprotrofic and pathogenic fungi. The course comprises the following topics: growth physiology and nutrition, saprotrophic lifestyles, mycorrhizal fungi and biotrophic lifestyles, fungal diversity and phylogenetic species recognition, genetics and population genetics, fungal communities and interactions, and applied mycology including fungal biotechnology.
10201444	Virology	3	10201342 10201343 or 10201341
This course covers molecular/cell biology of viral structure, function, and evolution, with emphasis on pathological mechanisms of various human disorders.
10201462	Endocrinology	3	10201362
The course covers the endocrine system and its hormonal products, including the hormone producing cells, synthesis and modification of the hormones, release and transport of the hormones, hormone receptors and the mechanisms of hormone action, the effects of hormones on target cells, the effects of hormones on physiological processes as well as diseases caused by inappropriate hormone functions..
10201481	Special Topics	3
Department directed course in a field of biology/biotechnology.
10206323	Plant Cell Cuture	3	10201321 10201341
This course covers the principles of plant cell, tissue and organ culturing techniques used to regenerate whole plants from different types of explants. Laboratory experience is gained in preparation of culture media supplemented with different plant growth regulators, and their influence on in vitro micropropagation of different plant species.
10206324	Animal Cell Culture	2	10201321 10201341 or 10201342
This course illustrates the use of basic cell culture techniques for bioscience research. Students are introduced to cell cultivation methods, including proper use of a biological safety cabinet, sterile technique, cell enumeration and media preparation, primary cultures, cultivation of cell lines, detection of contamination, cryopreservation, transfection, and an introduction to bioassays and application of molecular techniques to in vitro situations.
10206325	Plant Cell Culture Lab	0	10206323
This course consists of a series of laboratory experiments designed to familiarize the student with the basic methods in plant cell and tissue culturing, and to demonstrate concepts taught in the lecture course.
10206346	Fermentation and Industry	3	10201342 10201343 or 10201341
This course focuses on biological (especially microbiological) systems by which materials and energy can be interconverted (e.g., waste products into useful chemicals or fuels, or antibiotic production). Manipulation of microorganisms capable of producing high value industrial substances is also discussed.
10206413	Protein Purification	2	10201314 10201315 or 10201311 10231212 10231216
This open-ended laboratory based course covers a wide variety of conventional methods for protein isolation, purification and characterization. Different techniques of protein separation will be discussed in an integrated manner arriving at how strategies could be developed for protein isolation and purification.
10206488	Recombinant DNA Technology Lab.	0	10206490
The laboratory practical sessions include cloning of bacterial cloning and expression plasmid vectors in Escherichia coli, plasmid DNA purification and characterization, plasmid vector digestion with restriction enzyme(s) (single cut and multiple cuts), ligation of foreign DNA sequence into a pre-digested plasmid vector, and analyses of recombinant DNA molecules.
10206490	Recombinant DNA Technology	3	10206393
This course presents the fundamental aspects of techniques for DNA construction, cloning, and expression in host cells, with special emphasis on: DNA cloning and expression vectors, restriction enzymes and ligases, gene cassette elements, gene isolation from genomic DNA, creation of genomic and cDNA libraries.
11011222	Entrepreneurship and Innovation	3
Explores the world of entrepreneurship and creativity by examining the processes and techniques used to develop ideas and turn them into successful projects. The course includes understanding the foundations of entrepreneurship and the stages of emerging business development, in addition to analyzing the factors that affect the success of entrepreneurial projects and enhancing creativity in various fields.